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Strategies for Management of Needle-Related Procedural Pain and Distress in Children: A Literature Review

Sushma Oommen, Asha P Shetty

Abstract


Background: Pain is a highly prevalent problem in children. It is a predominantly subjective emotional distress that also leads to impairment in the quality of life. Medical procedures that are applied using a needle, such as venipuncture and immunization are the most common and important sources of pain for children, causing anxiety, distress and fear. Pain management before the first painful medical procedure in children may reduce pain-related negative emotional and social experiences, reduce anxiety, fear and distress, and contribute to having emotionally less complicated future medical procedures. There are various researches carried out for pharmacological and nonpharmacological management of procedural pain. Objective: To report the results of a systematic review of researches’ on interventions for needle related procedural pain and distress in children. Methods: Studies related to various interventions for needle related procedural pain and distress in children. The Outcome measures included were pain and distress as assessed by Physiological measures, self-report, observer report, behavioral observational tools and procedural anxiety scale. Results: Out of 122 studies 16 studies met the inclusion criteria for review. The criteria for inclusion were studies pertaining to interventions for needle related procedures among children age group infancy to eighteen years, published after 2002. The studies were reviewed, these studies included total 1,532 participants divided into experimental and control group. There were significant difference found in pain relief as well as anxiety relief by use of Interventions like Local anesthetic, Distraction, Vibration and cold as well as combined cognitive-behavioral interventions. Few studies also reported procedure success rate using such interventions. Conclusions: Recommendations for Additional studies to replicate these findings, evaluate the extent of its efficacy, and explore use with other painful procedures are been given, but these findings are promising significantly for pediatric pain management more than standard care.

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References


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.37628/ijpn.v1i2.101

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